{{tag>Brouillon}}

= CUPS

Voir aussi :
* https://www.cups.org/doc/policies.html

== Command-Line Printing and Options

Source : http://localhost:631/help/options.html ou https://www.cups.org/doc/options.html 

Printing Files

CUPS understands many different types of files directly, including text, PostScript, PDF, and image files. This allows you to print from inside your applications or at the command-line, whichever is most convenient! Type either of the following commands to print a file to the default (or only) printer on the system:

<code bash>
lp filename
lpr filename
</code>

Choosing a Printer

Many systems will have more than one printer available to the user. These printers can be attached to the local system via a parallel, serial, or USB port, or available over the network. Use the lpstat(1) command to see a list of available printers:

<code bash>
lpstat -p -d
</code>

The -p option specifies that you want to see a list of printers, and the -d option reports the current default printer or class.

Use the -d option with the lp command to print to a specific printer:

<code bash>
lp -d printer filename
</code>

or the -P option with the lpr command:

<code bash>
lpr -P printer filename
</code>

Setting the Default Printer

If you normally use a particular printer, you can tell CUPS to use it by default using the lpoptions(1) command:

<code bash>
lpoptions -d printer
</code>

Printing the Output of a Program

Both the lp and lpr commands support printing from the standard input:

<code bash>
program | lp
program | lp -d printer
program | lpr
program | lpr -P printer
</code>

If the program does not provide any output, then nothing will be queued for printing.
Specifying Printer Options

For many types of files, the default printer options may be sufficient for your needs. However, there may be times when you need to change the options for a particular file you are printing.

The lp and lpr commands allow you to pass printer options using the -o option:

<code bash>
lp -o landscape -o fit-to-page -o media=A4 filename.jpg
lpr -o landscape -o fit-to-page -o media=A4 filename.jpg
</code>

The available printer options vary depending on the printer. The standard options are described in the "Standard Printing Options" section below. Printer-specific options are also available and can be listed using the lpoptions command:

<code bash>
lpoptions -p printer -l
</code>

Creating Saved Options

Saved options are supported in CUPS through printer instances. Printer instances are, as their name implies, copies of a printer that have certain options associated with them. Use the lpoptions command to create a printer instance:

<code bash>
lpoptions -p printer/instance -o name=value ...
</code>

The -p printer/instance option provides the name of the instance, which is always the printer name, a slash, and the instance name which can contain any printable characters except space and slash. The remaining options are then associated with the instance instead of the main queue. For example, the following command creates a duplex instance of the LaserJet queue:

<code bash>
lpoptions -p LaserJet/duplex -o sides=two-sided-long-edge
</code>

Instances do not inherit lpoptions from the main queue.
Printing Multiple Copies

Both the lp and lpr commands have options for printing more than one copy of a file:

<code bash>
lp -n num-copies filename
lpr -#num-copies filename
</code>

Copies are normally not collated for you. Use the -o collate=true option to get collated copies:

<code bash>
lp -n num-copies -o collate=true filename
lpr -#num-copies -o collate=true filename
</code>

Canceling a Print Job

The cancel(1) and lprm(1) commands cancel a print job:

<code bash>
cancel job-id
lprm job-id
</code>

The job-id is the number that was reported to you by the lp command. You can also get the job ID using the lpq(1) or lpstat commands:

<code bash>
lpq
lpstat
</code>

Moving a Print Job

The lpmove(8) command moves a print job to a new printer or class:

<code bash>
lpmove job-id destination
</code>

The job-id is the number that was reported to you by the lp or lpstat commands. Destination is the name of a printer or class that you want to actually print the job.

    Note:

    The lpmove command is located in the system command directory (typically /usr/sbin or /usr/local/sbin), and so may not be in your command path. Specify the full path to the command if you get a "command not found" error, for example:

    /usr/sbin/lpmove foo-123 bar

Standard Printing Options

The following options apply when printing all types of files.
Selecting the Media Size, Type, and Source

The -o media=xyz option sets the media size, type, and/or source:

<code bash>
lp -o media=Letter filename
lp -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose filename
lpr -o media=Letter,Transparency filename
lpr -o media=Letter,MultiPurpose,Transparency filename
</code>
The available media sizes, types, and sources depend on the printer, but most support the following options (case is not significant):
<code ->
    Letter - US Letter (8.5x11 inches, or 216x279mm)
    Legal - US Legal (8.5x14 inches, or 216x356mm)
    A4 - ISO A4 (8.27x11.69 inches, or 210x297mm)
    COM10 - US #10 Envelope (9.5x4.125 inches, or 241x105mm)
    DL - ISO DL Envelope (8.66x4.33 inches, or 220x110mm)
    Transparency - Transparency media type or source
    Upper - Upper paper tray
    Lower - Lower paper tray
    MultiPurpose - Multi-purpose paper tray
    LargeCapacity - Large capacity paper tray
</code>

The actual options supported are defined in the printer's PPD file in the PageSize, InputSlot, and MediaType options. You can list them using the lpoptions(1) command:

<code bash>
lpoptions -p printer -l
</code>

When Custom is listed for the PageSize option, you can specify custom media sizes using one of the following forms:

<code bash>
lp -o media=Custom.WIDTHxLENGTH filename
lp -o media=Custom.WIDTHxLENGTHin filename
lp -o media=Custom.WIDTHxLENGTHcm filename
lp -o media=Custom.WIDTHxLENGTHmm filename
</code>

where "WIDTH" and "LENGTH" are the width and length of the media in points, inches, centimeters, or millimeters, respectively.
Setting the Orientation

The -o landscape option will rotate the page 90 degrees to print in landscape orientation:

<code bash>
lp -o landscape filename
lpr -o landscape filename
</code>

The -o orientation-requested=N option rotates the page depending on the value of N:

    -o orientation-requested=3 - portrait orientation (no rotation)
    -o orientation-requested=4 - landscape orientation (90 degrees)
    -o orientation-requested=5 - reverse landscape or seascape orientation (270 degrees)
    -o orientation-requested=6 - reverse portrait or upside-down orientation (180 degrees)

Printing On Both Sides of the Paper

The -o sides=two-sided-short-edge and -o sides=two-sided-long-edge options will enable two-sided printing on the printer if the printer supports it. The -o sides=two-sided-short-edge option is suitable for landscape pages, while the -o sides=two-sided-long-edge option is suitable for portrait pages:

<code bash>
lp -o sides=two-sided-short-edge filename
lp -o sides=two-sided-long-edge filename
lpr -o sides=two-sided-long-edge filename
</code>

The default is to print single-sided:

<code bash>
lp -o sides=one-sided filename
lpr -o sides=one-sided filename
</code>

Selecting the Banner Page(s)

The -o job-sheets=start,end option sets the banner page(s) to use for a job:

<code bash>
lp -o job-sheets=none filename
lp -o job-sheets=standard filename
lpr -o job-sheets=classified,classified filename
</code>

If only one banner file is specified, it will be printed before the files in the job. If a second banner file is specified, it is printed after the files in the job.

The available banner pages depend on the local system configuration; CUPS includes the following banner files:

    none - Do not produce a banner page.
    classified - A banner page with a "classified" label at the top and bottom.
    confidential - A banner page with a "confidential" label at the top and bottom.
    secret - A banner page with a "secret" label at the top and bottom.
    standard - A banner page with no label at the top and bottom.
    topsecret - A banner page with a "top secret" label at the top and bottom.
    unclassified - A banner page with an "unclassified" label at the top and bottom. 

Holding Jobs for Later Printing

The -o job-hold-until=when option tells CUPS to delay printing until the "when" time, which can be one of the following:

    -o job-hold-until=indefinite; print only after released by the user or an administrator
    -o job-hold-until=day-time; print from 6am to 6pm local time
    -o job-hold-until=night; print from 6pm to 6am local time
    -o job-hold-until=second-shift; print from 4pm to 12am local time
    -o job-hold-until=third-shift; print from 12am to 8am local time
    -o job-hold-until=weekend; print on Saturday or Sunday
    -o job-hold-until=HH:MM; print at the specified UTC time

Releasing Held Jobs

Aside from the web interface, you can use the lp command to release a held job:

<code bash>
lp -i job-id -H resume
</code>

where "job-id" is the job ID reported by the lpstat command.
Setting the Job Priority

The -o job-priority=NNN option tells CUPS to assign a priority to your job from 1 (lowest) to 100 (highest), which influences where the job appears in the print queue. Higher priority jobs are printed before lower priority jobs, however submitting a new job with a high priority will not interrupt an already printing job.
Specifying the Output Order

The -o outputorder=normal and -o outputorder=reverse options specify the order of the pages. Normal order prints page 1 first, page 2 second, and so forth. Reverse order prints page 1 last.
Selecting a Range of Pages

The -o page-ranges=pages option selects a range of pages for printing:

<code bash>
lp -o page-ranges=1 filename
lp -o page-ranges=1-4 filename
lp -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 filename
lpr -o page-ranges=1-4,7,9-12 filename
</code>

As shown above, the pages value can be a single page, a range of pages, or a collection of page numbers and ranges separated by commas. The pages will always be printed in ascending order, regardless of the order of the pages in the page-ranges option.

The default is to print all pages.

    Note:

    The page numbers used by page-ranges refer to the output pages and not the document's page numbers. Options like number-up can make the output page numbering not match the document page numbers.

N-Up Printing

The -o number-up=value option selects N-Up printing. N-Up printing places multiple document pages on a single printed page. CUPS supports 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 16-Up formats; the default format is 1-Up:

<code bash>
lp -o number-up=1 filename
lp -o number-up=2 filename
lp -o number-up=4 filename
lpr -o number-up=16 filename
</code>

The -o page-border=value option chooses the border to draw around each page:

    -o page-border=double; draw two hairline borders around each page
    -o page-border=double-thick; draw two 1pt borders around each page
    -o page-border=none; do not draw a border (default)
    -o page-border=single; draw one hairline border around each page
    -o page-border=single-thick; draw one 1pt border around each page

The -o number-up-layout=value option chooses the layout of the pages on each output page:

    -o number-up-layout=btlr; Bottom to top, left to right
    -o number-up-layout=btrl; Bottom to top, right to left
    -o number-up-layout=lrbt; Left to right, bottom to top
    -o number-up-layout=lrtb; Left to right, top to bottom (default)
    -o number-up-layout=rlbt; Right to left, bottom to top
    -o number-up-layout=rltb; Right to left, top to bottom
    -o number-up-layout=tblr; Top to bottom, left to right
    -o number-up-layout=tbrl; Top to bottom, right to left

Scaling to Fit

The -o fit-to-page option specifies that the document should be scaled to fit on the page:

<code bash>
lp -o fit-to-page filename
lpr -o fit-to-page filename
</code>

The default is to use the size specified in the file.

    Note:

    This feature depends upon an accurate size in the print file. If no size is given in the file, the page may be scaled incorrectly! 

Printing in Reverse Order

The -o outputorder=reverse option will print the pages in reverse order:

<code bash>
lp -o outputorder=reverse filename
lpr -o outputorder=reverse filename
</code>

Similarly, the -o outputorder=normal option will print starting with page 1:

<code bash>
lp -o outputorder=normal filename
lpr -o outputorder=normal filename
</code>

The default is -o outputorder=normal for printers that print face down and -o outputorder=reverse for printers that print face up.
Printing Mirrored Pages

The -o mirror option flips each page along the vertical axis to produce a mirrored image:

<code bash>
lp -o mirror filename
lpr -o mirror filename
</code>

This is typically used when printing on T-shirt transfer media or sometimes on transparencies


-------------------------

== Command-Line Printer Administration

Source : http://localhost:631/help/admin.html ou https://www.cups.org/doc/admin.html

This help document describes how to configure and manage destinations with CUPS.
Introduction

Destinations are individual printers and classes (pools) of printers. Printers use a description file with one or more driver ("filter") programs that communicate with the printer through a "backend" program. CUPS currently uses PPD (PostScript Printer Description) files to describe the printer and driver programs needed, some of which come with CUPS while others come with your operating system or Linux distribution. Backends are specified using a URI (Universal Resource Identifier) where the URI scheme is the backend name, e.g., "ipp://11.22.33.44/ipp/print" specifies the "ipp" backend - like PPD files, some backends come with CUPS while others come with your operating system.

Classes are associated with one or more printers and are typically used to distribute print jobs amongst a group of printers or provide redundancy or high availability when printing. Print jobs sent to a class are forwarded to the next available printer in the class.

The lpadmin(8) program is used to add, modify, or delete destinations, while the lpinfo(8) command is used to list the available printer drivers and backends. The cupsctl(8) program is used to manage the printing system as a whole, including things like debug logging and printer sharing. The CUPS web interface ("http://localhost:631" or "https://servername:631") can also be used, and most operating systems provide their own GUI administration tools.
Managing Printers

The lpadmin command is used to create, modify, or delete a printer. The -p option specifies a printer to create or modify:

lpadmin -p printername ...

The lpadmin accepts several additional options after -p printername when adding or modifying a printer:

-D "description"
    Sets the description of the printer which is often shown instead of the printer name, for example "HP LaserJet".
-E
    Enables the printer and accepts new print jobs.
-L "location"
    Sets the location of the printer, for example "Conference Room".
-m model
    Sets the printer driver using the model name.
-o option=value
    Sets the named option.
-v device-uri
    Sets the URI for the printer.

The -x option deletes the named printer:

lpadmin -x printername

Printer Drivers and PPDs

The -m option to lpadmin specifies the driver ("model") to use for the printer. You can run the lpinfo -m command to list all of the available drivers ("models") on your system:

lpinfo -m

Each line contains the driver name followed by its description, for example:

drv:///sample.drv/dymo.ppd Dymo Label Printer
drv:///sample.drv/epson9.ppd Epson 9-Pin Series
drv:///sample.drv/epson24.ppd Epson 24-Pin Series
drv:///sample.drv/generpcl.ppd Generic PCL Laser Printer
drv:///sample.drv/generic.ppd Generic PostScript Printer
drv:///sample.drv/deskjet.ppd HP DeskJet Series
drv:///sample.drv/laserjet.ppd HP LaserJet Series PCL 4/5
drv:///sample.drv/intelbar.ppd Intellitech IntelliBar Label Printer, 2.1
drv:///sample.drv/okidata9.ppd Oki 9-Pin Series
drv:///sample.drv/okidat24.ppd Oki 24-Pin Series
drv:///sample.drv/zebracpl.ppd Zebra CPCL Label Printer
drv:///sample.drv/zebraep1.ppd Zebra EPL1 Label Printer
drv:///sample.drv/zebraep2.ppd Zebra EPL2 Label Printer
drv:///sample.drv/zebra.ppd Zebra ZPL Label Printer
everywhere IPP Everywhere

The everywhere driver is used for nearly all modern networks printers sold since about 2009. For example, the following command creates a destination for a printer at IP address 11.22.33.44:

lpadmin -p printername -E -v ipp://11.22.33.44/ipp/print -m everywhere

The CUPS sample drivers (the "drv:///sample.drv/..." lines above) can be used for "legacy" printers. For example, the following command creates a destination for a HP LaserJet printer at IP address 11.22.33.44:

lpadmin -p printername -E -v socket://11.22.33.44 -m drv:///sample.drv/laserjet.ppd

    Note: The CUPS sample drivers are designed to provide basic printing capabilities for the broadest range of printers possible, but generally do not exercise the full potential of the printers or CUPS. Other drivers (including the everywhere driver) provide greater printing capabilities and better print quality.

Device URIs (Backends)

CUPS comes with several standard backends that communicate with printers:

    dnssd: The Bonjour (DNS-SD) protocol.
    ipp: The Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) with optional encryption.
    ipps: The Internet Printing Protocol with mandatory encryption.
    lpd: The Line Printer Daemon protocol.
    socket: The AppSocket (JetDirect) protocol.
    usb: The Universal Serial Bus (USB) printer class.

Run the lpinfo -v command to list the available backends and printers:

lpinfo -v

Each line contains the backend "class" followed by the backend name or a full printer device URI, for example:

network lpd
network ipps
network ipp
network socket
network dnssd://Acme%20Laser%20Pro._ipp._tcp.local./?uuid=545253fb-1cb7-4d8d-98ed-ab6cd607cea7
network dnssd://Bar99._printer.tcp.local./?uuid=f9efff58-9086-4c95-accb-81dee876a475
network dnssd://Example%20EX-42._ipps._tcp.local./?uuid=4a0c67ad-2824-4ddf-9115-7d4226c5fe65
network dnssd://Foo%20Fighter-1969._pdl-datastream._tcp.local./?uuid=4e216bea-c3de-4f65-a710-c99e11c80d2b
direct usb://ZP/LazerJet%20MFP?serial=42

The network class of backends is used for all network protocols. The Using Network Printers help document describes how to use the standard CUPS network backends. The direct class of backends is used for directly-connected printers such as USB and Bluetooth. Because these backends use a system-specific identifier, you should only use the reported device URIs.

Once you know the correct URI for the printer, set it using the lpadmin command's -v option:

lpadmin -p printername -v device-uri

Printer Options

The lpadmin command allows you to set various options for a printer:

-o cupsIPPSupplies=false
    Turns off IPP supply level reporting for a printer.
-o cupsSNMPSupplies=false
    Turns off SNMP supply level reporting for a printer.
-o name=value
    Sets the default value for the named PPD option. For example, -o PageSize=Legal sets the default page size to US Legal.
-o printer-error-policy=name
    Sets the policy for errors such as printers that cannot be found or accessed, don't support the format being printed, fail during submission of the print data, or cause one or more filters to crash:

    abort-job
        Aborts the job on error.
    retry-job
        Retries the job at a future time.
    retry-current-job
        Retries the current job immediately.
    stop-printer
        Stops the printer on error. 

-o printer-is-shared=true/false
    Enables/disables per-printer sharing. See the section on Printer Sharing for more information.
-o printer-op-policy=name
    Sets the operation policy associated with the printer. See the Managing Operation Policies help document for more information.
-u allow:{user|@group}{,user|,@group}*
-u allow:all
-u deny:{user|@group}{,user|,@group}*
-u deny:none
    Sets user-level access control for the printer. The allow: list defines a whitelist of users and groups while the deny: list defines a blacklist of users and groups.

Printer Sharing

CUPS supports sharing of printers with other computers and mobile devices. Two cupsctl options control the general printer sharing features:

--share-printers
    Enables sharing of printers with other computers and mobile devices on your local network.
--remote-any
    Expands printer sharing to any network that can reach your server.

Once you have enabled printer sharing, you then must select which printers will be shared using the lpadmin command and the -o printer-is-shared=true option.

For example, to share two printers ("foo" and "bar") on the local network, run the following commands:

cupsctl --share-printers
lpadmin -p foo -o printer-is-shared=true
lpadmin -p bar -o printer-is-shared=true

Managing Classes

The lpadmin command is used to create, modify, or delete a class. The -c option specifies a class to create or modify and is combined with the -p option:

lpadmin -p printername -c classname

The -r option specifies that the named printer is removed from the class:

lpadmin -p printername -r classname

The -x option deletes the named class:

lpadmin -x classname

Debug Logging and Troubleshooting

The printing system log files track the activity of the scheduler, printer drivers, and backends. If problems occur and the log files do not provide sufficient details to diagnose the problem, you can enable debug logging using the cupsctl command:

cupsctl --debug-logging

To disable debug logging, run the same command with the --no-debug-logging option:

cupsctl --no-debug-logging